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Social Learning Theory
Top Observational learning, also called social learning theory, occurs when an observer's behaviour changes after viewing the behaviour of a model. An observer's behaviour can be affected by the positive or negative consequences--called vicarious reinforcement or vicarious punishment-- of a model's behaviour. The social learning theory of Bandura emphasizes the importance of observing and modelling the behaviours, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. Bandura (1977) states: "Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behaviour is learned observationally through modelling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviours are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action." The first major theory of social learning, that of Julian B. Rotter, argued that cognition, in the form of expectations, is a crucial factor in social learning. In his influential 1954 book, Social Learning and Clinical Psychology, Rotter claimed that two major types of expectancy determine behaviour: 1.The expected outcome of a behaviour and There are several guiding principles behind observational learning, or social learning theory. These are just a few of them:
· First organizing and rehearsing the modelled behaviour symbolically and then enacting it overtly achieve the highest level of observational learning.
Coding modelled behaviour into words, labels or images results in better retention than simply observing. · Individuals are more likely to adopt a modelled behaviour if it results in outcomes they value. · Individuals are more likely to adopt a modelled behaviour if the model is similar to the observer and has admired status and the behaviour has functional value. Observational learning affects the learning process in a very big way. Students must get a chance to observe and model the behaviour that leads to a positive reinforcement. This will encourage the student in learning and to repeat the satisfaction feeling again and again. The instruction given by the educators must encourage collaborative learning, since much of learning happens within important social and environmental contexts. Top
This will show students how to log in to the computer facilities, use printers, and use photocopiers and how to use the library facilities. The CDROM could be part of an introductory pack to students, which they could keep as long as they think they need it. It could be used as reference or learning equipment. The Information can be communicated to the targeted students by applying the above-explained theory, which uses the reward and punishment technique. This is not to say that the student who gets it wrong will be punished but by following the instruction and observing other students work, the student could get the reward of fulfilment in reaching his expectation.
The most common (and pervasive) examples of social learning situations are television commercials. Commercials suggest that drinking a certain beverage or using a particular hair shampoo will make us popular and win the admiration of attractive people. Depending upon the component processes involved (such as attention or motivation), we may model the behaviour shown in the commercial and buy the product being advertised. This shows that it is an effective way of teaching people using social learning theory. By fulfilling their expectations, the outcome of the learning theory could be accomplished. Top This references are used by the groupt to aid us in our research. I included the references i as an individual used as well as as a group. Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning.
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